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Rubra tinctoria.

Rubia tinctorum L. Ömür: Çok yıllık Yapı: ot Hayat formu: İlk çiçeklenme zamanı: 5 Son çiçeklenme zamanı: 8 Habitat: kenarlar ve çalılıklar Minimum yükseklik: 400 Maksimum yükseklik: 2000 Endemik: - Element: İran-Turan Türkiye dağılımı: Türkiye Genel dağılımı: GB. ve O. Asya, KB. Himalayalar, B, G. ve GD. Avrupa

R. tinctorum L., Sp. PI. 109 (1753). Syn: R. tinctorum L. var. iberica Fischer ex DC, Prodr. 4:589 (1830); R. iberica (Fischer ex DC.) C. Koch in Linnaea 24:463 (1851). Ic: Fl. RPR 8: t. 102 f. 1 (1961). Trailing or scrambling perennial, to l-2(-5) m; rhizome red, branched, without runners. Stems herbaceous, quadrangular to subalate, ± sparingly retrorsely scabrid on angles to almost smooth, glabrous or sometimes pubescent on nodes. Leaves subcoriaceous, in whorls of 4-6, c. 30-115 x 8-25(-30) mm, lanceolate or oblong-elliptic to broadly ovate, cuspidate or ± shortly acuminate, usually distinctly petiolate, with petiole to 15(-20) mm, midrib and margins retrorsely aculeolate, the latter often antrorsely aculeolate towards apex, lateral veins distinct beneath. Inflorescence lax, much-branched, many-flowered, pyramidal to broadly pyramidal, partial inflorescences terminal and lateral, to 30 cm, subtended by elliptic to broadly ovate bracts. Pedicels (0.75-) 2-8 mm. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, infundibular, c. 3.5-5(-6) mm diam., lobes triangular-lanceolate, gradually to rather abruptly aristate (awns to 0.7 mm). Anthers oblong, c. 0.5-0.6(-0.8) mm. Mericarps c. 4-6 mm diam., black. Fl 5-8. Hedges and thickets, 400-2000 m. Described from France and Hungary (Hb. Linn. J31/2 ex Horto UPS, photo!). Widespread. A1(E) Çanakkale: Dardanelles, v 1867, Calvert! A2(E) Istanbul: Büyükçekmece, A. Baytop (ISTE 15605)! A2(A) Istanbul: Halki, Krause 1519. A4 Çankiri: Şabanözü, 970 m, A. Baytop (ISTE 5223)! A5 Sinop: 13 km W. of Boyabat, 400 m, Sorger 69-16-32! A8 Erzurum: W. of Tortum G., 1070 m, Hub.-Mor. 14878! A9 Erzurum: Olur, T. Baytop (ISTE 14370)! Bl Izmir: Ilica, 3 km E. of Çeşme, Alava 4833! B2 Kütahya: Gediz, 850 m, D. 36887! B3 Konya: Akşehir, 1000 m, Bornm. 1899:4533. B4 Ankara: banks of Kizilirmak, 100 km from Ankara to Kayseri, 900 m, McNeill 353! B5 Nevşehir: 5 km S.E. of Ürgüp, 1200 m, Roper 138(!). B6 Maraş: Çardak, D. 20394! B7 Erzincan: Cimin, 1500 m, D. 31733! B8 Muş: Muş, 1-330 m, Kotschy 1859:503! B9 Van: 10 km N.E. of Gevaş, 1750 m, Sorger 77-89-1! C2 Antalya: Elmalı, Bourgeau 1860:128! C4 Konya: Konya to Çumra, Küçük Köy, 980 m, Helbaek 2686! C5 Niğde: nr Niğde, 22 vi 1927, Kadri Achmed! C6 Hatay: Belen, 450 m, D. 27010! C8 Mardin: Khurs (Kavs), Sint. 1888: 994! C9 Siirt: Mar Jakub nr Siirt, 900 m, Nâbelek 4309. Is: Khios, Platt 521. S.W. & C. Asia to N.W. Himalayas; widely naturalised mainly in the W., S. and S.E. parts of Europe. Ir.-Tur. element.